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Investigates prime gap patterns and coefficients in counting problems, highlighting their numerical behavior.
Let an ordered gap word consist of positive even integers. We study two related but distinct counting problems: the general pattern count, which requires primality at the prescribed cumulative offsets, and the consecutive count, which additionally requires the resulting primes to form a block of consecutive primes. For a fixed offset set we first establish an exact finite inclusion–exclusion identity and derive computable Bonferroni bounds. Under an explicit uniform hypothesis on a finite extension family that is stronger than the usual leading-term Hardy–Littlewood prediction, the ratio of consecutive to general counts is expressed as a finite sum involving normalized extension-layer singular series ratios E_r(H) and ratios of weighted logarithmic integrals. Repeated integration by parts together with formal power-series division yields a unified recurrence for coefficients of arbitrary fixed order. Here “arbitrary fixed order” means that the truncation order is fixed before taking X → ∞; no convergence of the resulting formal series is asserted. Since (s)ⱼ₊₁/(s)_j = s + j → ∞, the corresponding formal series has radius of convergence exactly zero; increasing the order at a fixed finite L need not improve the approximation. The complete second-order coefficient is E_2 − E_1, the term −E_1 arising from the continuing contribution of one-point extensions at order L^−2; the third-order coefficient is −E_3 + 2E_2 − (k + 2)E_1. We also prove that offset reflection preserves every E_r and every conditional coefficient. Hence the local coefficients in the expansion cannot produce a persistent directional effect under reversal of the gap word. The numerical part covers the 1554 patterns formed from even gaps 2, 4, …, 12 with k = 2, …, 5 prime points, and compares theoretical models with empirical baselines at the four scales 10^4, 10^5, 10^6, 10^7. On the 376 holdout observations with general count at least 20, the RMSE values of the second-order benchmark retaining only E_2/L^2, the complete second-order model, and the third-order model are 0.1657, 0.1017 and 0.0506 respectively. Before any count at scale 10^8 was generated, 41 representative patterns together with their selection rules were frozen by a hash manifest; at X = 10^8 the corresponding RMSE values are 0.0759, 0.0463 and 0.0119. An independent reference implementation, which does not use the main computational core or NumPy, recomputed all patterns at X = 10^5 and agreed exactly with the main implementation on every integer count. For 17 non-palindromic reversal pairs the mean absolute difference of consecutive ratios falls from 0.01973 at 10^7 to 0.00824 at 10^8; the data examined here provide no evidence of a stable directional reversal effect. The paper develops an extension-layer coefficient system for fixed consecutive multi-gap words and derives a conditional recurrence to arbitrary fixed order. This framework separates the contributions of the different extension layers at second and higher orders, yielding in particular the complete second-order coefficient E_2 − E_1. We also prove reflection invariance of all conditional coefficients and provide a reproducible finite computational study based on a hash-frozen validation set, independent recomputation, and sensitivity analysis.
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Hanjun Wu (2026) studied this question.
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