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Panama disease is caused by a variable fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). A new variant of FOC, tropical race 4 (TR4), threatens export and subsistence production worldwide. The realization that formae speciales of F. oxysporum can be polyphyletic began with work on FOC. Two or more phylotaxa are now recognized in many ff. spp., and at least three are known in FOC. Those who improve banana must recognize the variation in FOC that has been revealed by the phylogenetic work. Accepted for publication 23 December 2005. Published 8 March 2006.
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R. C. Ploetz (2006) studied this question.
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