β2-Adrenoceptors and GRK2 as Potential Biomarkers in Patients With Chronic Pulmonary Regurgitation

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. mRNA levels for β1- and β2-adrenoceptors, and G-protein coupled receptor kinases GRK2, GRK3, and GRK5, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers (control, n = 22) and patients with pulmonary regurgitation (PR, n = 23). Data were calculated as 2-dCt vs. GAPDH as reference gene, and the mean was represented by the continuous line. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 (Student’s t-test).

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  FIGURE 2. mRNA levels for β2-adrenoceptors (β2) and G-protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers (control, n = 22) and symptomatic patients with pulmonary regurgitation, belonging to the NHYA class ≥ 2 (NHYA 2, n = 8) and asymptomatic patients, belonging to NHYA class 1 (n = 15). Data were calculated as 2-dCt vs. GAPDH as reference gene and the mean was represented by the continuous line. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, n.s. = no significant (one way ANOVA and Newman Keuls’s test).

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  FIGURE 3. Graphical representation of the linear regression observed between the genic expression of GRK3 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with pulmonary regurgitation. Significant linear regression and Pearson’s correlation if P < 0.05.

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  FIGURE 4. mRNA levels for β1- and β2-adrenoceptors and G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRK2, GRK3, and GRK5) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with pulmonary regurgitation (n = 23) before (pre PVR) and after (post PVR) pulmonary valve replacement. Data were calculated as 2−dCt vs. GAPDH as reference gene and the mean was represented by the continuous line. ∗P < 0.05; ∗∗P < 0.01 (Paired Student’s t-test).

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  FIGURE 5. Graphical representation of the linear regression observed between the mRNA levels of β-AR subtypes (β1, β2) and GRK2 in PBMC from healthy volunteers (control) and patients with pulmonary regurgitation before (pre-PVR) and one year after (post-PVR) pulmonary valve replacement. Significant linear regression and Pearson’s correlation (P < 0.05) is represented as a continuous line and no significant regression (P > 0.05) as a discontinuous line.