The Diagnosis and Management of the Budd–Chiari Syndrome: Consensus and Controversies

udd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare, heterogeneous, and potentially lethal condition related to the obstruction of the hepatic venous outflow tract.Infrequency and heterogeneous clinical presentations have resulted in many areas of diagnosis and management being vigorously debated.The purpose of this report is to review controversies as well as areas of consensus regarding primary BCS ( i e ., BCS unrelated to obstruction by a tumor).Heart failure and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (formerly known as veno-occlusive disease) also impair hepatic venous outflow and share many features with BCS, but they are considered separately as causes and treatments are different.