A mathematical model for estimating the performance of center pivot (CP) irrigation systems operating on variable topography was developed and verified with field data. The Heermann and Hein (1968) model for estimating the depth, rate, and uniformity of application was generalized to consider radially symmetric individual sprinkler patterns and part circle sprinklers mounted at the end of CP laterals. The Kincaid and Heermann (1970) CP pressure distribution model was expanded to consider variable topography and combined with the generalized Heermann and Hein model to form the new model. The new model was used to obtain data for evaluating the energy use and performance of a CP system operating on a field with variable topography.
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L. G. James (1982) studied this question.