Nitrogen radicals were irradiated on the (0001) and (0001) surfaces of the ZnO single crystals, and the stability and the states of N ions on the surfaces were investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On the (0001) surface, many N ions replaced the O ions of ZnO during annealing in oxygen gas or vacuum after nitrogen treatment. However, few N ions replaced the O ions of ZnO on the (0001) surface. These results suggest that the nitrogen doping on the (0001) surface is more effective than that on the (0001) surface.
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Maki et al. (2003) studied this question.
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