Multimodal Optical Diagnostics of the Microhaemodynamics in Upper and Lower Limbs

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. The experimental setup for simultaneous measurements of the blood perfusion and skin temperature (A): 1 – heat-insulated cover; 2 – heat-insulated water bath; 3 – specially designed attachment for the LDF fiber probe; 4 – latex glove; 5 – arm cuff; 6 – LDF fiber probe; 7 – manometer; 8 – inflation bulb; 9 – thermometry device; 10 – LDF device; 11 – PC. Design features and location of the proposed attachment for the LDF fiber probe and thermal sensors (B): 1 – third finger; 2 – latex glove; 3 – LDF fiber probe; 4 – housing of the attachment; 5 – mirror; 6 – thermal insulation; 7 – ambient temperature thermal sensor; 8 – skin temperature thermal sensor.

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  FIGURE 2. Time chart of the study protocol of simultaneous measurements of the blood perfusion and skin temperature.

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  FIGURE 3. Representative record of the cutaneous blood perfusion (A) and skin temperature (B) during the study on the conditionally healthy volunteer.

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  FIGURE 4. Comparison of parameters between control (blue bars) and rheumatic (red bars) groups: the index of temperature response ITR (A) and the blood flow reserve BFR (B). In each box, the central line is the median of the group, while the edges are the 25th and 75th percentiles. Statistically significant differences between the comparing groups with ∗ is p < 0.005 (according to Mann–Whitney U-test).

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  FIGURE 5. The scatter diagram of parameters ITR and BFR with the applied discriminant function (A) and the ROC-curve for assessing the effectiveness of the classifier (B).

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  FIGURE 6. Time chart of the study protocol for the diagnostics of the microcirculatory bed of upper limbs: BT1, BT2, and BT3 – basic tests before, immediately after and 15 min after the cold exposure.

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  FIGURE 7. Schemes of experimental installation for the measurement of the microcirculatory bed of upper limbs (A), during the cold exposure (B) and LDF and TRO probes location on a finger (C): 1 – experimental equipment, 2 – computer, 3 – container with water, 4 – pulse oximetry sensor, 5 – LDF and TRO probe.

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  FIGURE 8. Results of the analysis of perfusion in BT1, BT2 and BT3 (A); power spectral density in BT1 (B). Statistically significant differences in the values with ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.005; E, endothelial; N, neurogenic; M, myogenic; R, respiratory; C, cardiac frequency bands of blood flow oscillations.

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  FIGURE 9. The scatter diagram of parameters Ac2 and Im2 with the applied discriminant function (straight line), obtained by LDF method (A) and the ROC-curve (solid line) for assessing the effectiveness of the classifier (B) Dash line shows ROC-curve with area under curve equals of 0.5 and characterizes the unsuitability of the classification method.

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  FIGURE 10. Results of the analysis of the myogenic tone, MT (A) and rate of oxygen consumption, OC (B) in BT3 (measurement 15 min after the cold exposure). Statistically significant differences in the values with ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.005.

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  FIGURE 11. Time chart of the study protocol of multimodal optical measurements under local heating test.

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  FIGURE 12. Location of the fiber optic probe (1) with Peltier thermal-pad (2).