Additive effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus, sarcopenia, and hypertension on cardiovascular disease and mortality: A national-wide cohort study from China

Figure 1. Associations between the number of co-morbidities with cardiovascular disease and mortality, adjusting covariates based on the directed acyclic graph model. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Co-morbidities include type 2 diabetes mellitus, sarcopenia, and hypertension. Directed acyclic graph model adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status, drinking status, BMI, waist circumference, pulse, hemoglobin, lipid profiles, uric acid, eGFR, CRP, heart disease, stroke, dyslipidemia, kidney disease, lung disease, and liver disease

Figure 2. Additive effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus, sarcopenia, and hypertension on cardiovascular disease and mortality, adjusting covariates based on the directed acyclic graph model. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. Panel A: Additive effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia on cardiovascular disease and mortality. Panel B: Additive effects of hypertension and sarcopenia on cardiovascular disease and mortality. Panel C: Additive effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension on cardiovascular disease and mortality. Directed acyclic graph model adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status, drinking status, BMI, waist circumference, pulse, hemoglobin, lipid profiles, uric acid, eGFR, CRP, heart disease, stroke, dyslipidemia, kidney disease, lung disease, and liver disease

Figure 3. Population attributable fractions of type 2 diabetes mellitus, sarcopenia, and hypertension for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Panel A: Population attributable fractions of type 2 diabetes mellitus, sarcopenia, and hypertension for cardiovascular disease. Panel B: Population attributable fractions of type 2 diabetes mellitus, sarcopenia, and hypertension for mortality. PAF, population attributable fraction; CVD, cardiovascular disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus