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This review investigates polymeric lenses as a cost-effective and durable alternative to glass for indirect ophthalmoscopes, aiming to enhance accessibility in underserved regions. The study synthesizes advancements in materials, manufacturing, and process optimization to achieve high-quality diagnostic lenses. Polymers such as PMMA, polycarbonate, and cyclic olefin polymer exhibit low optical aberration and excellent stability, ideal for retinal imaging. Precision manufacturing techniques, including injection compression molding with vacuum and variable-thermal assistance, enable the production of complex aspheric surfaces. Simulation tools like Moldflow and Moldex3D optimize process parameters to reduce residual stresses and enhance optical performance. Furthermore, advanced coating methods, such as sol-gel and atomic layer deposition, significantly improve lens durability. Standardized characterization ensures consistent mechanical and optical properties. Findings highlight that integrating these strategies can produce reliable, affordable polymeric lenses, advancing ophthalmoscopy and supporting future optical diagnostic innovations.
Mallikarjun et al. (Sun,) studied this question.