Size-related native defect engineering in high intensity ultrasonication of nanoparticles for photoelectrochemical water splitting

We report for the first time the demonstration of high intensity sonication treatment as a simple and effective way to fundamentally improve the performance of nanoparticles for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The capability of making highly photoactive nanoparticles by high intensity sonication is highly appreciated to open up new opportunities in various areas, including PEC water splitting, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalysis.