Does virtual reality improve balance abilities in individuals with intellectual disabilities? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Virtual reality is increasingly recognized as a potential tool for motor rehabilitation in individuals with intellectual disabilities. However, its effectiveness in balance training has not been extensively examined. The current meta-analysis aims to evaluate the impact of virtual reality-based interventions on balance abilities in individuals with intellectual disabilities and examines key moderating factors. Twelve randomized controlled trials comprising 34 effect sizes were analyzed. The results indicate a moderate overall effect size (ES=0.551) of virtual reality training on balance improvement. Specifically, the intervention demonstrated a greater effect on static balance (ES=1.000) compared to dynamic balance (ES=0.380), suggesting that virtual reality interventions may be effective in improving balance ability. Furthermore, subgroup analyses revealed that participant age, intervention length, and frequency significantly influenced the outcomes, highlighting the importance of adapting virtual reality training to individual characteristics to maximize their effectiveness.