Key result
Biofeedback methodology over the last decade has shifted towards personal, consumer-level use via wireless wearables, presenting new technological opportunities and privacy challenges.
Why the study?
Fifty years after its inception, biofeedback methodology is experiencing a shift toward consumer-level smart devices and wearables, introducing new technological, effectiveness, and privacy challenges.
The review highlights the transition of biofeedback technologies to consumer wearables, emphasizing the need to address emerging technological and privacy challenges.
Urges caution with consumer biofeedback devices in practice; leaves open rigorous efficacy trials for non-clinical settings.
In this paper, we review the state of biofeedback methodology 50 years after its inception, with the objective to facilitate well-informed, scientific discourses around the topic. The scope of our review is limited to quantitative analysis of body of work published over the last decade, from which it is evident that biofeedback experiences a major methodological shift - away from strictly confined medical and research facilities, and towards personal, consumer-level use, thanks to wireless gadgets, wearables and smart devices available en masse. With such change come new opportunities and challenges, in the form of technological aspects, such as data processing trade-offs, efficiency of sensor placement, modalities and architectures, as well as general effectiveness of biofeedback in novel application areas, surrounded by privacy concerns and implications of e-health mobile technologies, which already available, but not yet ready for the prime-time. It is our intent to reflect on this liminal state of affairs.
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Vasilyev et al. (2019) conducted a review in Biofeedback methodology. Biofeedback was evaluated. Biofeedback methodology over the last decade has shifted towards personal, consumer-level use via wireless wearables, presenting new technological opportunities and privacy challenges.
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