Short-term repeated HRV-16 exposure results in an attenuated immune response in vivo in humans

Figures

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  Fig 1. Flowchart of the study. S+ indicates seropositive at baseline; S- indicates seronegative at baseline.

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  Fig 2. Experimental design of the study.

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  Fig 3. Viral load levels in nasal wash following placebo inoculation and HRV challenge (panel A) and following two HRV challenges separated by one week time (panel B). Panel C shows the peak levels in the first four days post-challenge in the group that received placebo, followed by a HRV challenge (bars 1 and 2), and in the group that were challenged with HRV twice (bars 3 and 4). Data are represented as geometric mean and 95% CI.

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  Fig 4. Cytokine levels in nasal wash following placebo inoculation and HRV challenge (panels A, D, and G) and following two HRV challenges separated by one week time (panels B, E, and H). Panels C, F, and I show the peak levels in the first four days post-challenge in the group that received placebo, followed by a HRV challenge (bar 1 and 2), and in the group that were challenged with HRV twice (bar 3 and 4). Data are represented as geometric mean and 95% CI. Lower detection limits were 3.2 pg/mL for IL-6 and IL-10, and 156 pg/mL for IP-10.

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  Fig 5. Plasma IP-10 levels following placebo inoculation and HRV challenge (panel A) and following two HRV challenges separated by one week time (panel B). Panel C shows the peak levels in the first four days post-challenge in the group that received placebo, followed by a HRV challenge (bar 1 and 2) and in the group that were challenged with HRV twice (bar 3 and 4). Data are represented as geometric mean and 95% CI. Lower detection limit was 156 pg/mL.