Capacity Based Design Review of Tall Buildings Under Extreme Multidirectional Dynamic Loading Considering Nonlinear Soil Structure Interaction and Foundation Effects

High-rise buildings increasingly rest on soft and compressible clayey-sandy soils, where soil–structure interaction (SSI) significantly affects dynamic behavior, seismic safety, serviceability, and collapse resistance. Traditional fixed-base approaches neglect the flexibility of soil and foundation systems, leading to inaccurate predictions of natural periods, damping ratios, internal forces, overturning moments, torsional response, and second-order effects. This review aims to synthesize and evaluate more than seventy-three major scientific contributions spanning geotechnical earthquake engineering, structural dynamics, and foundation engineering, with particular focus on the implications of SSI for safe capacity-based design of tall buildings subjected to multidirectional extreme loading. The review covers analytical formulations, finite-element approaches, centrifuge testing, nonlinear time-history analyses, and performance-based design methods. Special attention is devoted to shallow foundations, raft foundations, pile foundations, and hybrid pile-raft systems, with systematic comparison of their effects on vertical stiffness, horizontal stiffness, torsional stiffness, and rocking stiffness. Comparative results from major international researchers are tabulated and discussed. The results consistently demonstrate that soil compressibility amplifies displacement demand, extends structural periods, and intensifies rocking and torsional effects, particularly for slender towers. Among all foundation systems examined, pile–raft foundations provide the most balanced performance in terms of stiffness, settlement control, and energy dissipation. Engineering recommendations are proposed for safe capacity-based design of tall buildings subjected to seismic, wind-induced, blast, and machine-generated multidirectional vibrations.