Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Lithium-Ion Batteries for Solar Energy Balancing at Varying Climates: A Review

The use of renewable energy has shown a drastic increase over recent years as an effort to minimize greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.Among renewable energy sources, solar energy has experienced the largest growth due to improvements in efficiency, longevity, and reliability.However, due to the inconsistent fluctuations in solar radiation, domestic photovoltaic (PV) cells require energy balancing for the distribution of energy during periods of inadequate solar irradiation for self-sufficient use.This paper reviews the technical feasibility of integrating hydrogen systems, PV cells, and lithium-ion batteries (LIB) in various climates.It also discusses the costs, efficiencies, and usage of a hybrid energy storage system.This paper compares the performance of PV cells powering electrolyzers, batteries, and fuel cells.It evaluates the combination of H2 storage and LIB systems for year-round energy storage solutions in different climates.Ultimately, the findings suggest that a hybrid energy storage system combining LIBs and hydrogen systems provides an effective solution for balancing solar energy across varying climates.