Characteristics of groundwater seepage with cut-off wall in gravel aquifer. II: Numerical analysis

This paper presents a numerical investigation into the leakage behavior of cut-off walls in gravel strata due to dewatering in a deep excavation pit. The calculated values of the groundwater head and surface settlement using a model agree well with the measured values. Values of the hydraulic conductivity (k) and storage coefficient (S s ) of each soil layer are obtained from the test results when the cut-off wall is 43 m deep. The leakage through the cut-off wall in gravel is analyzed by considering a variation in hydraulic conductivity in different sections of the cut-off wall. The simulated results show that a significant leakage occurred in the 54 m deep cut-off wall. Although leakage did occur in the full cut-off wall in the confined aquifer, the full cut-off wall is still more efficient in preventing groundwater seepage than the partial cut-off wall. The relative depths of the cut-off wall and of the wells have a significant effect on ground surface settlement during the withdrawal of groundwater. Therefore, the appropriate selection of relative depth of both cut-off wall and pumping well is an effective way of controlling surface settlement outside the pit.