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The position of non-sovereign nations in international sport has long been of interest to both scholars and fans, with a clear disparity existing between the number of nations which are United Nations-recognised states (193) Footnote 1 as compared to the number of National Olympic Committees recognised by the International Olympic Committee (“ IOC ”) (206) Footnote 2 or the number of member associations recognised by individual sports’ governing International Sports Federations (“ ISF s”) (for example, FIFA, the ISF of world football, has 211 members Footnote 3 ).
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R. A. Cairns (2025) studied this question.
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