Ellagic acid and cilostazol ameliorate amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by downregulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis

Figures

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  Fig 1. Experimental design.

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  Fig 2. The effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol, and their combination on renal function. Graphical presentation of serum BUN (blood urea nitrogen) (A) and creatinine (B). Ellagic acid (EA) 10 mg/kg, cilostazol (CTZ) 10 mg/kg and their combination were administered one hour before intramuscular injection of amikacin 400 mg/kg for seven days. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Turkeyʼs test. Values are presented as mean ± SE (n = 7). Values without common small letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

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  Fig 3. Effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol, and their combination on oxidative stress markers in renal tissue. Quantitative analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) (A), reduced glutathione (GSH) (B), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (C), catalase (CAT) (D) in the renal tissue. Ellagic acid (EA) 10 mg/kg, cilostazol (CTZ) 10 mg/kg and their combination were administered one hour before intramuscular injection of amikacin 400 mg/kg for seven days. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Turkeyʼs test. Values are indicated as mean ± SE (n = 7). Values without common small letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

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  Fig 4. The effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol, and their combinations on inflammatory markers. Quantitative analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (A) and interleukin 6 (IL6) (B) in the renal tissue. Ellagic acid (EA) 10 mg/kg, cilostazol (CTZ) 10 mg/kg and their combination were administered one hour before intramuscular injection of amikacin 400 mg/kg for seven days. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Turkeyʼs test. Values are presented as mean ± SE (n = 7). Values without common small letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

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  Fig 5. The effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol, and their combination on apoptotic markers. Quantitative analysis of Bcl-2 associated x protein (BAX) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) in renal tissue. Ellagic acid (EA) 10 mg/kg, cilostazol (CTZ) 10 mg/kg and their combination were administered one hour before intramuscular injection of amikacin 400 mg/kg for seven days. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Turkeyʼs test. Values are presented as mean ± SE (n = 7). Values without common small letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

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  Fig 6. Effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol, and their combination on the structure of the renal cortex. A photomicrograph (H&E stain x400) of renal tissue showing: (A) a normal structure of the renal cortex, tubules (T) and glomeruli (G); control normal, (B) Amikacin (AK), (C) ellagic acid (EA), (D) cilostazol (CTZ), (E) AK + EA, (F) AK + CTZ and (G) AK+EA+CTZ. Ellagic acid (EA) 10 mg/kg, cilostazol (CTZ) 10 mg/kg and their combination were administered one hour before intramuscular injection of amikacin 400 mg/kg for seven days.