Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
• Dual- T 2 cutoffs (frz:1.05/2.25 ms, thw:1.05/2.77 ms) show reversed water transition. • Ultrasonic vel. drops >800% (-3→3°C) indicates ice-soil pts. thawing collapse. • Resist.- θ u model valid for clay/silt/sand, resist. sharply increases at θ u 0.90) has been established, effectively overcoming the limitations of traditional models in coarse-grained soils. This model accurately captures critical states such as conductive network fractures ( θ u < 2.89%). The multi-parameter diagnostic system provides a framework for thermal thawing hazard warnings in coarse-grained frozen soil engineering. This is significant for monitoring and reducing instability in railways, roads, and pipelines in frozen soil.
Zhang et al. (Sat,) studied this question.