Little and large: A double-layered photoanode constructed from small and large single-crystal anatase TiO2 nanospindles achieves 8.3 % energy-conversion efficiency in a dye-sensitized solar cell (see picture). One layer of the double-layer structure serves mainly to harbor numerous dye molecules, and the other primarily enhances light harvesting by multiple scattering.
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Qiu et al. (2010) studied this question.
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