Potential of Secondary Metabolite Compounds of Black Cumin Seeds (Nigella sativa L.) as Therapeutic Agents for Chronic Diseases

Black cumin ( Nigella sativa ) has gained considerable attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits. This aromatic plant, native to the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia, has long been used both as a culinary spice and as a traditional medicine. Ethnopharmacological studies highlight its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Recent research on the bioactive extracts, oils, and compounds derived from N. sativa seeds has demonstrated promising potential in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of N. sativa seed compounds as reported in previous studies. The discussion covers their role in managing chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and immune-related disorders, as well as their implications in overcoming drug resistance. In addition, this review examines the bioactivity of N. sativa seed extracts, oils, and isolated compounds, along with Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) studies, as a foundation for advancing research and development of natural therapeutic agents for chronic diseases.