On the Estimation of Deep Atlantic Ventilation from Fossil Radiocarbon Records. Part II. (In)consistency with Modern Estimates

Measurements of radiocarbon concentration (Δ 14 C) in fossil biogenic carbonates have been interpreted as reecting a reduced ventilation of the deep Atlantic during the last ice age. Here we evaluate the (in)consistency of an updated compilation of fossil Δ 14 C data for the last deglaciation with the abyssal circulation in the modern Atlantic. A 14 C transport equation, in which the mean velocity field is a modern field estimate and turbulent flux divergence is treated as a random fluctuation, is fitted to deglacial Δ 14 C records by using recursive weighted least-squares. This approach allows us to interpret the records in terms of deviations from the modern flow with due regard for uncertainties in the fossil data, the 14 C transport equation, and its boundary conditions. We find that the majority of fit residuals could be explained by uncertainties in fossil Δ 14 C data, for two distinct estimates of the modern flow and of the error variance in the boundary conditions. Thus, most, not all, deglacial data appear consistent with present-day ventilation rates. From 20 to 32% of the residuals exceed in magnitude the published errors in the fossil data by a factor of two. Residuals below 4000 m in the western North Atlantic are all negative, suggesting that deglacial Δ 14 C values from this region are too low to be explained by modern ventilation. Whilst deep water ventilation appeared different from today at some locations, a larger database and a better understanding of error (co)variances are needed to make reliable paleoceanographic inferences from fossil Δ 14 C records.