Distribution System Planning Considering Stochastic EV Penetration and V2G Behavior

The increasing integration of electric vehicles (EVs) is adding higher future potentials for the smart grid because the residual energy stored in EV batteries can be discharged to support the grid when needed. However, the stochasticity of EV user behaviors pose challenges to the regulators of distribution systems. How the regulators decide upon a control strategy for the vehicle to grid and how EV users respond to the strategy will significantly influence the variation of load profiles in the planning horizon. In this paper, a comprehensive cost analysis is performed to obtain the optimal planning scheme, considering the variation in EV penetration, charging preference, and customer damage cost. The economics and stability of the planned distribution system are assessed with real-world travel records and cost statistics to quantitatively show the effectiveness of the optimization algorithm and the importance of user behavior concern.