Mid-ventricular HOCM with apical asynergy

95 subjects including 23 asymptomatic relatives of patients with familial dilated cardiomyopathy who have left ventricular enlargement, 33 normal controls, 29 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, and 10 elite athletes with physiological left ventricular enlargement.

Symptom limited upright cycle ergometry using a ramp protocol (cardiopulmonary exercise testing)

Normal controls, patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, and elite athletes

Peak oxygen consumption (pVO2)surrogate