Laser corneal refractive surgery in the twenty-first century: a review of the impact of refractive surgery on high-order aberrations (and vice versa)

Here we review the situation of laser corneal refractive surgery in the twenty-first century. We pay special attention to the change in aberrations, covering the compensation of the loss of ablation efficiency at non-normal incidence, the effects of cyclotorsional errors, aspheric, wavefront optimized and aberration neutral concepts, and centration of refractive profiles. A review of the clinical outcomes is provided including myopic, hyperopic, and astigmatic, as well as wavefront customized or presbyopic outcomes.