Addition of Bi prevents deactivation of Pd–Sb catalysts in the acetoxylation of toluene. The presence of Bi hinders the formation of an inactive Pdδ− state and the blockage of the active Pd sites by carbon species from coke deposits (see the photoelectron spectrum). The modified catalyst displays extremely high selectivity for benzyl acetate (≥95 %) at higher toluene conversions.
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Radnik et al. (2005) studied this question.
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