Protective Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Against Methotrexate-Induced Oxidative Renal Toxicity

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Schematic representation of experimental design

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  Fig. 2. Serum urea, creatinine, UCR and uric acid levels of the control and experimental groups. All data were expressed as Mean ± SD. (a) Urea, (b) Creatinine, (c) UCR, and (d) Uric acid. C: Control, MTX: Methotrexate, MTX+LGG1: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (low dose), MTX+LGG5: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (high dose), UCR: Urea/Creatinine ratio, ns: Not significant. ####p < 0.0001, ##p < 0.01, #p < 0.05 versus control group, ++++p < 0.0001, +++p < 0.001 versus MTX group

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  Fig. 3. Kidney GSH levels and glutathione-related enzyme activities of the control and experimental groups. All data were expressed as Mean ± SD. (a) Reduced glutatione (GSH) levels, (b) Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), (c) Glutathione reductase (GR), and (d) Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities of the control and experimental groups. C: Control, MTX: Methotrexate, MTX+LGG1: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (low dose), MTX+LGG5: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (high dose), ns: Not significant. ####p < 0.0001 versus control group, ++++p < 0.0001 versus MTX group, ++p < 0.1 versus MTX+LGG1 group

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  Fig. 4. Kideny LPO, AOPP, and ROS levels of the control and experimental groups. All data were expressed as Mean ± SD. (a) Lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, (b) Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels, (c) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. C: Control, MTX: Methotrexate, MTX+LGG1: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (low dose), MTX+LGG5: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (high dose), ns: Not significant, AFU: Arbitrary fluorescence unit, MDA: Malondialdehyde. ##p < 0.01, ####p < 0.0001 versus control group, +p < 0.05, ++++p < 0.0001 versus MTX group

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  Fig. 5. Kidney SOD, CAT, LDH, and PON activities of the control and experimental groups. All data were expressed as Mean ± SD. (a) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), (b) Catalase (CAT), (c) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and (d) Paraoxonase (PON) activities of the control and experimental groups. C: Control, MTX: Methotrexate, MTX+LGG1: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (low dose), MTX+LGG5: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (high dose), ns: Not significant. AFU: Arbitrary fluorescence unit. ####p < 0.0001 versus control group, ++++p < 0.0001, ++p < 0.01, +p < 0.05, +++p < 0.001 versus MTX group

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  Fig. 6. Kidney MPO, XO, and Na+/K+-ATPase activities of the control and experimental groups. All data were expressed as Mean ± SD. (a) Myeloperoxidase (MPO), (b) Xanthine oxidase (XO), and (c) Sodium/potassium ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase) activities of the control and experimental groups. C: Control, MTX: Methotrexate, MTX+LGG1: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (low dose), MTX+LGG5: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (high dose), ns: Not significant. Pi: Inorganic phosphate. ####p < 0.0001, ##p < 0.01 versus control group, ++++p < 0.0001, +++p < 0.001 versus MTX group

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  Fig. 7. Kidney CA and arginase activities, NO and Hypro levels of the control and experimental groups. All data were expressed as Mean ± SD. (a) Carbonic anhydrase (CA) and (b) Arginase activities, and (c) Nitric oxide (NO) and (d) Hydroxyproline (Hypro) levels of the control and experimental groups. C: Control, MTX: Methotrexate, MTX+LGG1: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (low dose), MTX+LGG5: Methotrexate + L. rhamnosus (high dose), ns: Not significant. ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001 versus control group, ++++p < 0.0001, ++p < 0.01 versus MTX group