1T-Rich MoS ₂ /Turbostratic Graphene Nanocomposite for Efficient Energy Storage and Hydrogen Evolution

Recent advances in energy materials have highlighted 1T-MoS 2 /graphene composites as promising candidates for next-generation applications due to their excellent conductivity and catalytic activity. However, their practical performance is hindered by the instability and low yield of the 1T phase in MoS 2 and the restacking of graphene, which limit ion transport and active site accessibility. Here, we report a scalable and eco-friendly synthesis of a turbostratic graphene 1T-rich MoS 2 /t-G heterostructure via plasma spraying, followed by ultrasonication-assisted blending and magnetic stirring to ensure uniform dispersion and strong interfacial contact. The turbostratic nature of graphene mitigates restacking, while 1T-rich MoS 2 enhances conductivity and electrochemical reactivity. As a symmetric supercapacitor, the 1T-rich MoS 2 /t-G composite delivers a specific capacitance of 213.2 F g –1 at 0.5 A g –1, an energy density of 29.6 Wh kg –1, a power density of 250 W kg –1, and 93.5% retention over 10,000 cycles. For hydrogen evolution, the catalyst exhibits a low Tafel slope (∼35 mV dec –1 ), indicating fast reaction kinetics and efficient charge transfer. The dual functionality underscores the synergistic effect of 1T-MoS 2 and t-G in enhancing energy storage and catalytic performance. This work offers a cost-effective and scalable strategy to overcome key limitations in the graphene/MoS 2 systems for advanced energy applications.