Predictive role of weight-adjusted waist index in diabetic peripheral neuropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Figure 1.. Restricted cubic spline analysis of BMI, WC, and WWI for the estimation of the risk of DPN after adjusting for multivariate covariates in total study population. Odds ratios are indicated by solid lines and 95% CIs by shaded areas. Reference point is lowest value for each of BMI and WWI (27.38 kg/m2 for BMI and 10.757 cm/√kg for WWI), with knots placed at the 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th percentiles of BMI distribution. A: BMI; B: WC; C: WWI. A and B: adjusted for age, gender, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. C: adjusted for age, body mass index, gender, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. (A) shows the non-linear association between BMI and DPN risk, with a threshold at 7.38 kg/m2. (B) shows the non-linear association between WC and DPN risk, with no significant threshold identified. (C) shows the non-linear association between WWI and DPN risk, with a threshold at 10.757 cm/√kg.

Figure 2.. Association between BMI and DPN among diabetes, by age. (A) < 60 years old; (B) ≥ 60 years old. The reference point is 24.8 kg/m2 for BMI, with knots placed at the 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th percentiles of BMI distribution. The relationship between BMI and DPN was analyzed separately for two age groups, with a cut-off age of 60. In patients aged < 60 years, BMI was negatively correlated with DPN for BMI < 24.8 kg/m2 and positively correlated for higher BMI.

Figure 3.. Subgroup analysis of the relationship between WWI and DPN in patients. Age, gender, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were adjusted. In the subgroup analyses, the models were not turned for the stratification variables themselves. sSubgroup analyses showed a stronger positive association between WWI and DPN in younger (≤ 65 years), female, and non-obese (BMI < 28 kg/m2) diabetic patients. No significant interactions were found (all P for interaction > 0.05), indicating the need for further research.