Cigarette smoking and cardio-renal events in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

Fig 1. CONSORT flow diagram of CORAL study.

Fig 2. Age in years for smokers and non-smokers at study enrollment. The Red curve represents the distribution of age for smokers (N = 277) and the blue curve represents age at study enrollment for non-smokers (N = 644). Numbers at the peak of the distribution curves are the mean years of age at study enrollment ± SD for the patient populations as defined above. The insert boxplot shows age with interquartile ranges and 95% confidence intervals differentiated by smoking status. The asterisk (*) indicates that the means are significantly different (p<0.001) as determined by two-sample t-test.

Fig 3. Kaplan-Meier curves of event-free survival for age-at-composite endpoint delineated by smoking status. The hazard ratio, assessed by log-rank test for age-at-composite endpoint delineated by smoking status, was 2.32 [1.79, 2.98], p<0.001.

Fig 4. Longitudinal analysis of the effect of smoking on kidney function. Least square means measured over time-in-study are delineated by smoking status, and the panels display the following: a): log values of the means for creatinine (mg/dL); b): log values of the means for MDRD-eGFR (mL/min per 1.73m2); c): log values of the means for Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (mg/g); and d): log values of the means for Cystatin C (mg/L). An asterisk (*) indicates the mean for smokers is significantly different than non-smokers value at same time point (p<0.05).

Fig 5. Fitted longitudinal slope of the natural log of MDRD-GFR over time-in-study by age at enrollment. For each individual, the longitudinal slope of MDRD-GFR was obtained by linear regression between the log of MDRD-GFR and time-in-study for that patient. These slopes were used as the response variable and fitted into a multiple variable regression model with age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, diabetes and BMI as covariates. The plot of the predicted slope of MDRD-GFR over time with 95% confidence intervals was generated for age at enrollment grouped by smoking status (red for smokers and blue for non-smokers).

Fig 6. Longitudinal effect on blood pressure for smokers versus non-smokers. Graphs represent the following: a): systolic blood pressure (mmHg); b): diastolic blood pressure (mmHg); and c): pulse pressure (mmHg). Mean ± SD for the patient data from baseline through follow-up are given. No significant differences were observed.