Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide
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Discussion
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Implication
Systematic analysis reveals global adult sodium intake averaged 3.95 g/day in 2010, indicating widespread consumption at nearly twice the recommended limit.
Key Points
- To quantify global, regional, and national sodium intake levels among adults in 1990 and 2010.
- Gathered published and unpublished data from 142 surveys of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and 103 dietary surveys across 66 countries from 1980 to 2010.
- Used Bayesian hierarchical modeling informed by national income and food supply covariates to calculate mean intake by sex and 5-year age groups for adults aged 20 and older across 187 countries.
- Global mean sodium intake in 2010 was 3.95 g/day (95% uncertainty interval: 3.89 to 4.01), equivalent to 10.06 g/day of salt (95% UI: 9.88 to 10.21), nearly double the WHO recommended ceiling of 2 g/day.
- Intakes were highest in East Asia, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe (mean >4.2 g/day), with male consumption averaging approximately 10% higher than female consumption.
- Between 1990 and 2010, modest but uncertain increases in sodium intakes occurred globally, with nearly all nations exceeding recommended thresholds.
Cite This Study
Powles et al. (2013) studied this question.