Why the study?
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, requiring traditional and emerging risk factors to inform personalized medicine and precision nutrition for accurate risk diagnosis, individualized interventions, and prognosis.
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Design
Pragmatic multidisciplinary review
May inform individualized CVD risk stratification; leaves open prospective validation of emerging biomarkers in precision nutrition.
AIMS: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, significantly impacting healthcare systems and individual lives. This pragmatic review focuses on the assessment of CVD utilizing traditional and emerging risk factors that provide a basis for personalized medicine and precision nutrition, highlighting the knowledge and application of these insights for accurate risk diagnosis, individualized interventions, and precise outcome/evaluation prognosis. DATA SYNTHESIS: Critical biochemical markers such as lipid metabolism signatures, inflammatory molecules, endocrine mediators, homeostatic signals (including omics data), and lifestyle factors such as unhealthy dietary habits, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol abuse, along with anthropometric variables and body composition measurements, play a pivotal role in assessing and managing CVD. This progression starts with early vascular and cardiac dysfunctions, advancing to atherosclerosis, and ultimately leading to cardiovascular events. Major adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure, highlight the need for effective and accurate risk stratification and objective assessment. Various CVD risk scores, such as the Framingham Risk Score, SCORE, and the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Calculator, provide valuable global frameworks for predicting individual risk based on recognized conventional factors. Additionally, omics markers-which encompass genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and metagenomic data-offer deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CVD, alongside novel lipidomic and immunomic determinants. CONCLUSIONS: Integrating these various determinants and risk factors through a comprehensive approach is essential for advancing and implementing precision medicine and nutrition in the management of CVD.
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Visioli et al. (2025) studied this question.
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