Locomotion of captive short-finned squid (Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus) was observed and analyzed in terms of definitive interpretations by the Russian biophysicist, G. V. Zuev. Resting, lift-off, soaring, set-down, turning, and jetting are described. New to the analysis of the creation of the propulsive hydrojet is the inclusion of the role played by the mantle valves.
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Bradbury et al. (1969) studied this question.