This case report highlights the diagnostic modalities and operative management for a transvenous ICD lead inadvertently placed in the left ventricle through a patent foramen ovale.
Supports multimodality imaging to detect LV ICD lead malposition; hypothesis-generating for PFO-related lead management.
A case of left ventricular endocardial malposition of a transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead through a patent foramen ovale is presented. Diagnostic modalities include lateral chest radiography, echocardiography, and electrocardiographic analysis during lead placement. The operative therapy consists of open lead replacement. Measures to avoid lead misplacement are suggested.
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Splittgerber et al. (1993) studied this question.
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