Beyond GLP-1: efficacy and safety of dual and triple incretin agonists in personalized type 2 diabetes care—a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Figures

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  Fig. 1. PRISMA Flow Diagram for Study Selection in the Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

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  Fig. 2. a Network Diagram of Treatment Comparisons for Change in Body Weight. This network meta-analysis (NMA) graph illustrates the comparisons of incretin-based therapies, insulins, and other treatments in terms of change in body weight from baseline in T2DM. Each node represents a treatment. Lines between nodes indicate direct comparisons, with line thickness reflecting the number of supporting studies. Treatments not directly linked are compared through indirect evidence within the NMA framework. b Forest Plot and SUCRA Rankings for Change in Body Weight. This figure presents the relative effects of treatments on body weight change from baseline. The forest plot displays mean differences (MD) with 95% credible intervals (CrI), comparing each treatment to a reference treatment (Placebo). A negative MD indicates a greater reduction in fasting glucose. The SUCRA (Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve) plot ranks treatments by their probability of being the most effective in reducing body weight, with higher SUCRA values indicating greater weight reduction potential. c League Table: Pairwise Comparisons of Treatments for Change in Body Weight. This table summarizes pairwise…

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  Fig. 3. a Network Diagram of Treatment Comparisons for Change in Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG). This network meta-analysis (NMA) graph illustrates comparisons of incretin-based therapies, insulins, and other treatments in terms of FBG change from baseline in T2DM. Each node represents a treatment. Lines between nodes indicate direct comparisons, with line thickness reflecting the number of supporting studies. Treatments without direct connections are compared through indirect evidence within the NMA framework. b Forest Plot & SUCRA Rankings for Change in FBG. This figure presents the relative effects of treatments on FBG change from baseline. The forest plot displays mean differences (MD) with 95% credible intervals (CrI), comparing each treatment to a reference treatment (placebo). A negative MD indicates a greater reduction in fasting glucose. The SUCRA (Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve) plot ranks treatments by their probability of being the most effective in lowering FBG, with higher SUCRA values indicating greater reductions in fasting glucose levels. c League Table: Pairwise Comparisons of Treatments for Change in FBG. This table summarizes pairwise comparisons of treatment…

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  Fig. 4. a Network Diagram of Treatment Comparisons for Change in HbA1c. This network meta-analysis (NMA) graph illustrates comparisons of incretin-based therapies, insulins, and other treatments in terms of HbA1c change from baseline in T2DM. Each node represents a treatment. Lines between nodes indicate direct comparisons, with line thickness reflecting the number of supporting studies. Treatments without direct connections are compared through indirect evidence within the NMA framework. b Forest Plot & SUCRA Rankings for Change in HbA1c. This figure presents the relative effects of treatments on HbA1c change from baseline. The forest plot displays mean differences (MD) with 95% credible intervals (CrI), comparing each treatment to a reference treatment (placebo). A negative MD indicates a greater reduction in fasting glucose. The SUCRA (Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve) plot ranks treatments by their probability of being the most effective in lowering HbA1c, with higher SUCRA values indicating greater glycemic control. c League Table: Pairwise Comparisons of Treatments for Change in HbA1c. This table summarizes pairwise comparisons of treatment efficacy in terms of HbA1c…