Independence or redundancy? Two models of conscious and unconscious influences.

L. L. Jacoby, J. P. Toth, and A. P. Yonelinas (1993) assume that conscious and unconscious processes make independent contributions to task performance. As an alternative to the independence model, we suggest that a redundancy model based on the assumption that conscious processes are always associated with correlated unconscious processes can also be used to dissociate the separate influences of these processes. Using data reported by L. L. Jacoby et al., we show that each model leads to different but equally plausible estimates of conscious and unconscious influences, following both variations in attention (i.e., focused vs. divided) and in encoding (i.e., read vs. generate)