Autopsy evidence of pulmonary thromboembolism

Objective To determine the prevalence of pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) and underlying risk factors at autopsy, compared with clinical diagnosis. Design Retrospective review of autopsy records, death certificates and medical histories. Patients and setting AW 132 patients who underwent autopsy at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, in 1992. Results Sixteen cases (12% of autopsies) of PE were found at autopsy. In only two had PE been recorded on the death certificate; in one other, diagnosis had been made before death. Associated pulmonary infarction and/or haemorrhage was found in only six patients with PE. All 16 had at least one underlying risk factor: advanced age, cancer, heart disease, or recent pelvic or abdominal surgery. In four patients with missed PE, clinical records showed episodes consistent with PE. There were four false-positive diagnoses. Conclusions Significant undiagnosed pulmonary embolism is not uncommon at autopsy. Many episodes are clinically silent, but the diagnosis should be suspected in at-risk patients with unexplained episodes of dyspnoea and tachycardia.