Why the study?
Despite clinical milestones in targeted drug delivery systems, challenges like tumor heterogeneity, immunogenicity, and regulatory complexities hinder broader clinical adoption.
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Design
Review
Targeted drug delivery systems offer improved pharmacokinetics and site-specific action, with clinical successes like reduced cardiotoxicity, though challenges in tumor heterogeneity and immunogenicity remain.
Targeted drug delivery systems (TDDS) have emerged as transformative platforms for enhancing therapeutic precision while minimizing systemic toxicity. By exploiting mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, ligand-based active targeting, and stimulus-responsive release, these systems offer improved pharmacokinetics and site-specific action. Clinical success stories underscore their translational impact—liposomal formulations like Doxil® reduce doxorubicin-related cardiotoxicity by nearly 50 %, while lipid nanoparticle-based Onpattro® became the first FDA-approved RNA interference therapy, paving the way for mRNA vaccine technologies. Despite such milestones, challenges persist, including tumor heterogeneity, immunogenicity, and regulatory complexities, which hinder broader clinical adoption. Emerging strategies—hybrid nanocarriers, AI-driven drug release, and integration with digital health—are reshaping the future of personalized medicine. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current nanocarrier platforms, clinical progress, regulatory trends, and innovations driving the next generation of targeted drug delivery.
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A 2025 study studied this question.
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