Conflict between the Ifat Sultanate and the Solomonic state over trade and power in the medieval Horn of Africa

Historically, the Horn of Africa has been a strategically significant region linking Africa, the Middle East, and global maritime trade networks to the Indian Ocean. During the medieval period, it became a centre of prolonged geopolitical interaction and conflict between the Christian Solomonic Kingdom and the Muslim Ifat Sultanate. This study examines the geopolitical, economic, and ideological dynamics underlying the prolonged conflict between the Ifat Sultanate and the Solomonic state, with particular emphasis on control over the Red Sea trade routes. A historical-analytical approach was employed, integrating Solomonic royal chronicles, Arab historiography, archaeological evidence, and linguistic studies. A comparative framework was used to reconcile the divergent narratives and minimise source bias. The findings suggest that, despite the strong religious framing in primary sources, the conflict was likely shaped in large part by competition over strategic trade corridors, particularly the Zeila trade network, while also reflecting the interaction of political and ideological factors. Internal fragmentation within the Ifat Sultanate and the progressive military consolidation of the Solomonic state appear to have contributed significantly to the decline of Ifat. This study provides a nuanced understanding of medieval state formation and economic competition in the Horn of Africa, offering insights into the historical roots of contemporary regional geopolitics.