Multi-Omics in Kidney Diseases Research: Technological Advances, Biomarker Discovery, and Clinical Translation

Multi-omics research is reshaping precision nephrology by linking genetic susceptibility, epigenetic regulation, transcriptional state, protein abundance, metabolic activity and spatial tissue context within integrated analytical frameworks.This review critically summarizes recent technological advances and applications of multi-omics in kidney diseases, with particular attention to biomarker discovery and clinical translation, and finally, discusses the challenges and future directions of multi-omics integration and application in precision medicine.Emerging approaches, including single-cell and spatial omics, artificial intelligence-assisted analytics, and integrative computational frameworks, have substantially improved the resolution of renal pathophysiology and molecular heterogeneity.These advancements not only reveal novel molecular pathways underlying chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, and immune-mediated nephropathies, but also significantly facilitate biomarker discovery and therapeutic target prioritization.However, major challenges remain, including limited cohort diversity, high analytical complexity, lack of standardised pipelines, insufficient external validation, and barriers to clinical implementation such as cost, scalability, and