Serological Detection Of Leptospira Spp. In Equine Populations Across Five Districts Of Kelantan, Malaysia

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, which can infect a wide range of animal species, including horses. In Malaysia, information on equine leptospirosis is scarce, particularly in Kelantan, which has the country's largest horse population. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the serological detection of Leptospira spp. in horses in Kelantan, Malaysia. A total of 50 horses from eight stables across five districts were sampled, with complete demographic data recorded. Serum samples were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) against six leptospiral serovars namely Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Bataviae, Australis, and Hardjobovis. Two horses tested positive, resulting in a serological detection of 4% (95% CI: 0.5%–9.4%). The serovars detected were Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona, both with titres of 1:100. These results are notable, as most horses were managed intensively in stables, and none had received leptospirosis vaccination, which is currently unavailable for equines in Malaysia. The detection of Leptospira-seropositive horses highlights their susceptibility to infection and raises concerns regarding potential zoonotic transmission. In conclusion, the presence of Leptospira spp. in horses emphasises the need for further studies and improved biosecurity to reduce risks to both animals and humans