Biomimetic Dental Implant With Programmed Surface Platform for Enhanced Interfacial Osseointegration via Sequentially Regulating Bone Regeneration With Switchable Immunomodulatory and Antibacterial Properties

Aseptic loosening and infections are leading causes of dental implant failure. Here, we developed a multifunctional, programmed surface coating (Ti@Mo-m/Q) constructed from a molybdenum (Mo)-doped biomimetic porous layer designed to sequentially coordinate bone regeneration. In the initial stage, with mild near-infrared (NIR) irradiation the outermost quercetin (Q) layer promotes M2 macrophage polarization through the FoxO/NF-κB signaling pathway, establishing a regenerative immune microenvironment while controlling antibiotic release. Subsequently, intermediate layer acts as an NIR-responsive "on-demand" antibiotic reservoir, achieving >99% bactericidal efficacy against oral pathogens, including S. aureus, E. coli, and P. gingivalis. Finally, the innermost Mo-doped biomimetic ceramic film enhances osteogenesis, supported by the NIR-responsive antibacterial activity of the underlying Ti@Mo layer. Generally, these findings indicate that the Ti@Mo-m/Q coating significantly improves interfacial osseointegration by strategically aligning with the physiological progression of bone regeneration while providing tunable immunomodulatory and antibacterial functions, thereby offering a promising framework for next-generation implant surface engineering.