A direct ion heating process which is resonant with the wave at the cyclotron subharmonic frequency, ω=3/2Ωᵢ, is discovered through the particle-simulation investigation of the ion Bernstein-wave heating. The particle trapping in phase space due to the wave of an arbitrary cyclotron subharmonic frequency is studied theoretically and numerically confirmed.
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Abe et al. (1984) studied this question.
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