Down syndrome and associated medical disorders

This article reviews research on the clinical problems and disorders found in individuals with Down syndrome. Many well-known disorders such as hearing loss, congenital heart disease, and ophthalmic disorders are found with increased prevalence among those with Down syndrome. Disorders such as diabetes mellitus and leukemia have a low prevalence but have clinical significance. Disorders that should be included in preventive care are obesity and gingivitis. Associated findings of unknown clinical significance include the tendency of individuals with Down syndrome to have low blood pressure and, possibly, less atherosclerosis and dental caries than occur in the general population. Knowledge of the many medical disorders found in individuals with Down syndrome enables clinicians to provide rational medical monitoring. The review also provides information for researchers who may find challenging research questions relating to disorders associated with Down syndrome.