Amplitude Modulated Audio Signals in Brainwave Entrainment: Effects on Psychophysiological Functions – A Scoping Review

To map and synthesize research on Amplitude Modulated Audio Signals – Binaural Beats (BB), Monaural Beats (MB), and Isochronic Tones (iT) – used for Brainwave Entrainment (BWE) and their reported cognitive and psychological effects. Following PRISMA – ScR guidelines, PubMed, and MEDLINE were searched (2010–2024) using terms related to auditory beats and psychological outcomes. Forty-five peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies examined BB, fewer MB, and only one iT. Evidence was mixed across attention, memory, mood, sleep, and anxiety. Methodological heterogeneity limited clinical samples and inconsistent parameters reduced comparability. Standardized protocols and broader clinical research are needed to clarify mechanisms and applications.