AI-Induced Vascular Ages Are a Measurable Residual Risk for Cardiovascular Diseases in the Japanese Population

Figure 1. Flowchart showing inclusion and exclusion processes of the current study for Cohort I.

Figure 2. Results of stepwise regression analysis with chronological age as the dependent variable (a) and the calculation results of the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) to assess multicollinearity (b).

Figure 3. Results of the selected explanatory variables transformed using spline smoothing. Horizontal lines show each transformed variables and vertical lines show chronological age. The shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval. Whether the value of the smoothing function is positive or negative indicates the direction of the effect of the variable on the dependent variable (chronological age).

Figure 4. Flowchart showing inclusion and exclusion processes of the current study for Cohort II.

Figure 5. These figures show the results of AI vascular age in Cohort I. The average and standard error of chronological age is 69.0 ± 12.2, and that of AI vascular age is 69.0 ± 8.7, respectively. (a) In 52.7% of the cases, chronological age was higher than AI vascular age, whereas in 42.3% of the cases, AI vascular age was higher than chronological age (b). (c) Linear regression relationships between chronological age and AI vascular age. (d) Finally, there is a significant relationship between ΔAge (chronological age − AI vascular age) and chronological age.

Figure 6. Comparison of cardiovascular markers and eGFR between the oldest 20% (top) and the youngest 20% (bottom) for chronological age and AI vascular age in Cohort I using the U-test.

Figure 7. Results of AI vascular age in Cohort II. The average and standard error of chronological age is 66.9 ± 12.8, and that of AI vascular age is 70.4 ± 9.1. (a) In 52.7% of the cases, chronological age was higher than AI vascular age, whereas in 42.3% of the cases, AI vascular age was higher than chronological age (b). (c) Linear regression relationships between chronological age and AI vascular age. Finally, there is a significant relationship between ΔAge (chronological age − AI vascular age) and chronological age (d).

Figure 8. Comparison of BNP and eGFR between the oldest 20% (top) and the youngest 20% (bottom) for chronological age and AI vascular age in Cohort II using the U-test.