Validation of smoking status in clinical research into inflammatory periodontal disease

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is an accepted risk factor for periodontal disease. Most studies in the periodontal literature rely on reported smoking habits which can be unreliable. This review specifically addresses this problem. METHODS: Methods of assessing tobacco smoke exposure, variation in individual smoking habits, classification of former/ex-smokers, and validation of abstinence in smoking cessation studies receive attention. DISCUSSION: Additionally, clinical studies that have examined periodontal health in subjects with validated smoking status are discussed.