Single-scattering theory is shown to be insufficient for the estimation of effective propagation constant in foliage at high microwave and millimetre-wave frequencies. Clusters of broad leaves and needles are treated as a unit scatterer whose ensemble forward scattering is used in Foldy's approximation to estimate attenuation rate in foliage. It is shown that single-scattering approximation overestimates forward scattering as high as 3-4 dB at 35 GHz.
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Koh et al. (2003) studied this question.