Evaluation of the SKYHI general circulation model using aircraft N₂O measurements: 1. Polar winter stratospheric meteorology and tracer morphology

Winter polar stratospheric nitric oxide (N 2 O) measurements made during two NASA polar aircraft field campaigns are used to evaluate the dynamics of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's “SKYHI” general circulation model. SKYHI has 1° latitude by 1.2° longitude grid spacing and 40 vertical levels (up to 80 km) and prescribed N 2 O dissociation coefficients. The model has been integrated a total of 20 months, producing one Antarctic and two Arctic winters. The climatologies of these winters are compared with the known northern and southern hemisphere climatologies and to the meteorological conditions during the time of the field campaigns. The two Arctic SKYHI winters show considerable interannual variability. In the lower stratosphere, SKYHI realistically simulates the magnitude and variability of winds and temperatures both inside and outside the polar vortex and can produce a credible sudden warming. In the Antarctic the magnitude and variability of winds and temperatures around the polar vortex are quite realistic, but inside the vortex, temperatures are too low. Flight data from each mission have been averaged together to produce a contour map showing N 2 O morphology in and around the vortex. Because the N 2 O distribution in the lower stratosphere is under dynamical control, the mean N 2 O field can be used to interpret the dynamics of the polar stratosphere. At the Arctic vortex edge, AASE data show large gradients of N 2 O on isentropic surfaces. SKYHI vortex edge gradients are nearly as large, and model mixing ratios between 400 and 500 K (potential temperature) are similar to the observations. In the Antarctic, model mixing ratios are too high everywhere and the edge gradients are flatter than the observed gradients. The comparison of mean N 2 O fields suggests realistic wave activity in the SKYHI Arctic winter but inadequate wave activity in the SKYHI Antarctic winter.