Pregnancy Complications and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Later in Life: A Nationwide Cohort Study

FIGURE 1. Flowchart of the study population with births in Sweden 1973 to 2014.

FIGURE 2. Unadjusted cumulative incidence plots for all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in women unexposed and exposed to pregnancy complications in any pregnancy 1973 to 2014. Women aged ≤75 years at the end of 2014 were included.

FIGURE 3. Unadjusted cumulative incidence plots for all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality stratified into 3 age categories in women unexposed and exposed to pregnancy complications in any pregnancy. Women aged ≤75 years at the end of 2014 were included.

FIGURE 4. Forest plots for first‐time hospitalization of ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack, peripheral artery disease, and pregnancy complications. Data are described as hazard ratios (HRs) calculated by Cox proportional hazard regression by and 95% CI. Adjusted for maternal age, maternal age2, BMI, BMI2, smoking status, family situation, comorbidities associated with pregnancy and at first‐time hospitalization for cardiovascular disease (diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney failure, and venous thrombosis), parity, and decade at first pregnancy. Beyond this, we also adjusted for preeclampsia or eclampsia in any pregnancy for the fetal complications. BMI indicates body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GHT, gestational hypertension; PE or E, preeclampsia or eclampsia; PTB, preterm birth (<37 weeks); SGA, small for gestational age; VPTB, very preterm birth (<32 weeks).

FIGURE 5. Unadjusted cumulative incidence plots for first‐time hospitalizations of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and all‐cause mortality, ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) and all‐cause mortality and peripheral artery disease (PAD) and all‐cause mortality in women unexposed and exposed to pregnancy complications in any pregnancy. Women aged ≤75 years at the end of 2014 were included.